![[2026-01-12 14:39] strong1couple Show (44m)](/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstreamcamrips.com%2Fstorage%2Fthumbnails%2Fstrong1couple_20260112_135207.webp&w=1920&q=75)
44:01720p
Karl & Petry
@strong1couple1Videos
342.1KFollowers
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